Tnm 8 prostate cancer

Globally, ED is predicted to affect more than 300 million men worldwide tnm 8 prostate cancer Tnm 8 prostate cancer by 2025 (2). It is these staggering estimations that have made ED a broad public health concern within a globally Tnm 8 prostate cancer ageing population. There are now well-established pathophysiologic tnm 8 prostate cancer and epidemiologic links between ED and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes (6,10). This relationship was demonstrated in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) and subsequently corroborated in further large-scale epidemiologic studies (6-8,Tnm 8 prostate cancer 10,11). Pathophysiologically, endothelial dysfunction is considered to be the underlying mechanism common to tnm 8 prostate cancer CVD and ED (Figure 1) (12,13). It follows that ED has been associated with an increased risk of premature mortality (14). The recognition of this association has prompted recommendations by the Princeton Consensus Conference for the thorough evaluation and Tnm 8 prostate cancer management of cardiovascular risk in all patients presenting with ED and no known CVD (15). An external file that holds Tnm 8 prostate cancer a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is tau-05-02-187-f1.jpg Figure 1 Relationship of modifiable risk factors and erectile dysfunction. Importantly, sequelae of ED are known to extend beyond physical and sexual health. ED is also known to cause detriment to QoL, psychosocial and emotional well-being for both tnm 8 prostate cancer the patient and his partner (5,16). In pretreatment screening of patients with ED and depressive symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory-II, severity of ED was found to be predictive of depression (17). Controlled clinical trials have demonstrated improvement in psychological outcomes including confidence, sexual satisfaction and symptoms of depression following treatment with pharmacologic agents (18-21). Additionally, change in penile rigidity after treatment for ED has been associated with improvement in sexual function and QoL in female partners (22). Thus, prevention and treatment of ED represents an important means to improve patient and partner wellness and overall men’s health. Previous publications have recognized modifiable lifestyle factors such as obesity, physical activity, smoking, diet and others Pathophysiology of prostate adenoma as major contributors to the onset and evolution of both CVD and ED (tnm 8 prostate cancer 8,9,23). Guidelines developed during the tnm 8 prostate cancer 2009 International Consultation on Sexual Dysfunction included “lifestyle modification” as a foundational step in the treatment algorithm of ED (23,24). However, patient knowledge about modifiable risk factors for ED, in particular smoking, control of CVD risk factors and sedentary lifestyle, is poor, and specific recommendations regarding implementation of lifestyle modification have not previously been outlined (25). Additionally, questions remain tnm 8 prostate cancer as to the quantitative effects lifestyle modification Tnm 8 prostate cancer and supplemental therapies can have on the natural history of ED. The aim of this review is to delineate lifestyle choices which may impose an increased risk of developing ED, present relevant studies addressing behavioral factors correlated with ED, as well as highlight proposed mechanisms for intervention aimed at improving erectile function in Tnm 8 prostate cancer men with ED. Go to: Smoking Smoking has been shown in several studies to Tnm 8 prostate cancer be positively associated with an increased risk of ED.

Longitudinal epidemiologic studies have Tnm 8 prostate cancer reported a relative risk of developing ED Tnm 8 prostate cancer 1.5–2 times more in smokers in comparison to non-smokers (7,8,26,27). In the Boston Area Community Health survey, a cross-sectional study of 2,301 men, a dose-response relationship was demonstrated between smoking and ED (28). Significance was achieved at 20-pack years cumulative exposure after adjusting for risk factors of age, CVD, and diabetes. Though not found to be significant, passive smoking exposure trended toward tnm 8 prostate cancer a significant risk of ED. While this study design is subject to recall bias, it may provide important information when quantifying risk of ED due to smoking tnm 8 prostate cancer exposure. Positive dose-response association between quantity and duration of smoking with risk of ED tnm 8 prostate cancer was confirmed in a meta-analysis of observational epidemiologic studies (29). The investigators found an incremental increased risk of ED per 10 cigarettes smoked per day and Tnm 8 prostate cancer 10 years of smoking, by 14% and 15%, respectively. An individualized inverse dose-response relationship was seen in male smokers undergoing polysomnographic Tnm 8 prostate cancer assessment of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), where the highest consumers of cigarettes (>40 cigarettes per day) had the fewest minutes of nocturnal tumescence and detumesced fastest (30).





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