Globally, ED is predicted to affect more than 300 million men worldwide by 2025 (2). It is these staggering estimations that have made ED a broad public health concern within a globally ageing population. There are now well-established pathophysiologic and epidemiologic links between ED and Prostate h Prostate h risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes (6,10). This relationship was demonstrated in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) and subsequently corroborated in further large-scale epidemiologic studies (6-8,10,11). Pathophysiologically, prostate h endothelial dysfunction is considered to be the underlying mechanism common to CVD and ED (Figure 1) (12,13).
It follows that ED has been associated with Prostate h an increased risk of premature Prostate h mortality (14). The recognition of this association has prompted recommendations by the Princeton Consensus Conference for the thorough evaluation and management of cardiovascular risk in all patients Prostate h presenting with ED and no known CVD (15).
An external file that holds a prostate h picture, illustration, etc. Object name is tau-05-02-187-f1.jpg Figure 1 Relationship of modifiable risk factors and erectile dysfunction.
Importantly, sequelae of ED are known to extend beyond physical and sexual health. ED is also known to cause detriment to QoL, psychosocial and emotional well-being for prostate h both the patient and his partner (5,16). In pretreatment screening of patients with ED and depressive symptoms Prostate h on the Beck Depression Inventory-II, severity of ED was Found to be predictive of depression (17). Controlled clinical trials have demonstrated improvement in psychological outcomes including confidence, sexual prostate h satisfaction and symptoms of depression following treatment with pharmacologic agents (18-21). Additionally, change prostate h prostate h in penile rigidity after treatment for ED has been associated with improvement in sexual function and QoL in female partners (22). Thus, prevention and treatment of ED represents an important means to improve patient and partner wellness and overall men’s health. Previous publications Have recognized modifiable lifestyle factors such Prostate tea as obesity, physical activity, smoking, diet Prostate h and others as major contributors to the onset and evolution of both CVD and ED (8,9,23). Guidelines developed during the 2009 International Consultation on Sexual Dysfunction included “lifestyle modification” as a foundational step Prostate procedures in the treatment algorithm of ED (23,24). However, patient knowledge about modifiable risk factors Prostate h for ED, in particular prostate h smoking, control of CVD risk factors and sedentary lifestyle, is poor, and specific recommendations regarding implementation of lifestyle modification have not previously been outlined (25). Additionally, questions remain as to the quantitative effects lifestyle modification and supplemental therapies can have on the natural history of ED.
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