Additionally, change in penile rigidity after treatment for ED has been associated with improvement in sexual function and QoL in female partners (22). Thus, prevention and treatment of ED prostate cancer x ray treatment prostate cancer x ray treatment represents an important means to improve prostate cancer x ray treatment patient and partner wellness and overall men’s health. Previous publications have recognized modifiable lifestyle factors such as obesity, Prostate cancer x ray treatment physical activity, smoking, diet and others as major contributors to the onset and evolution of both CVD and ED (8,9,23).
Guidelines developed during the 2009 International Consultation on Sexual Dysfunction included “lifestyle modification” as prostate cancer x ray treatment a foundational step in the treatment algorithm of ED (23,24). However, patient knowledge about modifiable risk Factors for ED, in particular smoking, control of CVD risk factors and sedentary lifestyle, is poor, and specific recommendations regarding implementation of lifestyle modification have not previously been outlined (25).
Additionally, Prostate cancer x ray treatment questions remain as to the quantitative effects lifestyle modification and supplemental therapies can have on the natural history of ED. The aim of this review is to delineate lifestyle choices which may impose an increased risk of developing ED, present relevant studies addressing behavioral factors correlated with ED, as well as highlight proposed mechanisms for intervention aimed at improving erectile function in men with ED. Go to: Smoking Smoking has been shown in several studies to be Prostate cancer x ray treatment positively associated with an increased risk of ED.
Longitudinal epidemiologic studies have prostate cancer x ray treatment reported a relative risk of developing ED 1.5–2 times more in smokers in comparison to non-smokers (7,Prostate cancer x ray treatment 8,26,27). In the Boston Prostate cancer x ray treatment Area Community Health survey, a cross-sectional study of 2,301 men, a dose-response relationship was demonstrated between smoking and ED (28). Significance was achieved at 20-pack years cumulative exposure after Prostate cancer x ray treatment adjusting for risk factors of age, Prostate cancer x ray treatment CVD, and diabetes. Though not Found to be significant, passive smoking exposure trended toward a significant risk of prostate cancer x ray treatment ED.
While this study design is subject to recall Bias, it may Prostate cancer x ray treatment Prostate cancer x ray treatment provide important information when quantifying risk of ED due to smoking exposure. Positive dose-response association between quantity and Prostate cancer x ray treatment duration of smoking with risk of ED was confirmed in a meta-analysis of observational epidemiologic studies (29). The Prostate cancer x ray treatment investigators found an incremental increased risk of ED per 10 cigarettes smoked per day and 10 years of prostate cancer x ray treatment smoking, by 14% and 15%, respectively. An individualized inverse dose-response relationship was seen in male smokers undergoing Prostate Cancer x ray treatment polysomnographic assessment of nocturnal penile tumescence (Prostate cancer x ray treatment NPT), where the highest consumers of cigarettes (>40 cigarettes per day) had the fewest minutes of nocturnal tumescence and detumesced fastest (30).
At a molecular and cellular level in the animal model, cigarette smoking (CS) is linked to significantly higher markers of oxidative stress and cavernosal tissue apoptosis (31).
CS exposed rats were noted prostate cancer x ray treatment to have significantly lower expression of cavernosal neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and decreased endothelial and smooth muscle content, supporting the role of endothelial dysfunction in pathophysiology of ED (12). The effect of smoking cessation on Prostate cancer x ray treatment erectile function has also been examined. prospectively studied a sample of men with ED and smoking as their only risk factor; excluded were men with other risk factors for ED such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, peripheral prostate cancer x ray treatment vascular disease, psychiatric disorders, And renal failure. At baseline, severity of ED was found to be significantly correlated to duration of exposure in pack-years (32). At follow-up 1 year after smoking cessation, patients who successfully stopped prostate cancer x ray Treatment smoking (ex-smokers) had a 25% improvement Prostate cancer x ray treatment in erectile function, while men who continued (current smokers) did not improve.
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