In the Boston Area Community Health survey, a cross-sectional study of 2,301 men, a dose-response relationship was demonstrated between smoking and ED (28). Significance was achieved at 20-pack years cumulative exposure after adjusting for risk factors of age, CVD, and diabetes. Though not found to be significant, passive smoking exposure trended toward a significant risk of ED. While prostate cancer x ray images this study design is subject to recall bias, it may provide important information when quantifying risk of ED due to smoking exposure. Positive dose-response association between quantity and Prostate cancer x ray images duration of smoking with risk of ED was confirmed in a meta-analysis of observational epidemiologic studies (29). The investigators found an incremental increased risk of ED per 10 cigarettes smoked per day and 10 years of smoking, by 14% and 15%, respectively. An individualized inverse dose-response relationship was seen in male smokers undergoing polysomnographic assessment of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), where the highest consumers of cigarettes (>40 cigarettes per day) had prostate cancer x ray images the fewest minutes of nocturnal tumescence and detumesced fastest (30). At a molecular and prostate cancer x ray images cellular level in the animal model, cigarette smoking (CS) is linked to significantly higher markers of oxidative stress and cavernosal tissue Prostate cancer x ray images apoptosis (31). CS exposed rats were noted to have significantly lower expression of cavernosal neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and decreased endothelial and smooth muscle content, supporting the role of endothelial dysfunction in pathophysiology of Prostate cancer x ray images ED (12).
The effect of smoking cessation on erectile function has also been examined. prospectively Prostate cancer x ray images studied a sample of men with ED and smoking as their Only risk factor; Prostate cancer x ray images excluded were men with other risk factors for ED such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, peripheral vascular disease, psychiatric disorders, and renal failure.
At baseline, severity of ED was Prostate cancer x ray images found to be significantly correlated to duration of exposure in pack-years (32). At follow-up 1 year after smoking cessation, patients who successfully stopped smoking (ex-smokers) had a 25% improvement in erectile function, while men who continued (current smokers) did not improve. Additionally, a larger proportion of current smokers (7%) than ex-smokers (2.5%) had worsening of their baseline ED.
This study suggests a Prostate cancer x ray images large degree of stabilization or improvement in ED after smoking cessation. These results were corroborated in a randomized controlled study of Chinese men enrolled in a nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) program with or without counseling. Six Prostate cancer x ray imagesprostate cancer x ray images ng> months after enrollment, patients who successfully quit smoking were more likely to have improvement in erectile function compared to persistent smokers (53.8% vs. 28.1%, P3,000 kcal/week significantly reduced the likelihood of severe ED (IIEF-5 600 mL/week) (6). Furthermore, in a large, multi-national epidemiologic study, heavy and no alcohol consumption were associated with higher risk of ED as compared to moderate alcohol intake (1 to 7 drinks per week), though not significantly (48). On the prostate cancer x ray images contrary, in the HPFS study, there was no change in relative risk of ED across all categories of alcohol consumption (8).
In the rat model, chronic alcohol consumption leads to an upregulation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) Prostate cancer x ray images which acts as a vasoconstrictor in the corpora cavernosa (CC). Following electrical stimulation of the major pelvic ganglion, ethanol treated rats prostate cancer x ray images demonstrated significantly reduced erectile response as measured by maximal intracavernosal pressure/mean arterial pressure (ICP/MAP) (49).
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| 08.06.2016 - 59 |
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