An individualized inverse dose-response relationship Prostate cancer nclex questions was seen in male smokers undergoing prostate cancer nclex questions polysomnographic assessment of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), where the highest consumers of cigarettes (>40 cigarettes per day) had prostate cancer nclex questions Prostate cancer nclex questions the fewest minutes of nocturnal tumescence and detumesced fastest (30). At a molecular and cellular level in the animal model, cigarette smoking (CS) is linked to significantly higher markers of oxidative stress and cavernosal tissue apoptosis (31).
CS exposed rats were noted to have significantly lower expression of cavernosal neuronal prostate cancer nclex questions nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and decreased endothelial and smooth muscle content, supporting prostate cancer nclex questions the role of endothelial dysfunction in prostate cancer Adenoma prostatico gleason 3+3 nclex questions pathophysiology of ED (12).
The effect of smoking cessation on erectile function has also been examined. prospectively studied a sample of men with ED and smoking as their only risk factor; excluded were men with other risk factors for ED such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, peripheral vascular disease, psychiatric disorders, and renal failure. At baseline, severity Prostate cancer nclex Questions of ED was found to be significantly correlated to duration of exposure in pack-years (32). At follow-up 1 year after smoking cessation, patients who successfully prostate cancer nclex questions stopped smoking (ex-smokers) had a 25% improvement in erectile function, while men Prostate cancer nclex questions who continued (current smokers) did not improve. Additionally, a larger proportion of current smokers (7%) than ex-smokers (2.5%) had worsening of their baseline ED.
This study suggests a large degree of stabilization or improvement in ED after smoking cessation. These results were Prostate cancer nclex questions corroborated in a randomized controlled study of Chinese men enrolled in a nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) program with or without counseling. Six months after enrollment, patients who successfully quit smoking were more likely to have improvement in Prostate cancer nclex questions erectile function compared to persistent smokers (53.8% vs. 28.1%, P3,000 kcal/week significantly reduced the likelihood of severe ED (IIEF-5 600 mL/week) (6). Furthermore, in a large, multi-national epidemiologic study, heavy and no alcohol consumption were associated with higher risk of ED as compared to moderate alcohol intake (1 to 7 drinks per week), though not significantly (48). On the contrary, in the HPFS study, there prostate cancer nclex questions was no change in relative risk of prostate cancer nclex questions ED across all categories of alcohol consumption (8). In the rat model, chronic alcohol consumption leads to an upregulation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) which acts prostate cancer nclex questions as a vasoconstrictor in the corpora cavernosa (CC). Following electrical stimulation of the major pelvic ganglion, ethanol treated rats demonstrated significantly reduced erectile response as measured by maximal intracavernosal pressure/mean arterial pressure (ICP/MAP) (49). These results provide some basis for investigation in human subjects. Whether changes in CC ET-1 levels are sustained after ethanol cessation warrants investigation. Illicit drug use was studied in a cross-sectional trial of Taiwanese detainees (N=701, mean age 33.8 years) prostate cancer nclex questions with a history of drug abuse Prostate cancer nclex questions prostate cancer nclex questions versus controls (N=196) (50). Heroin, amphetamine and MDMA (“ecstasy”) were the most commonly reported drugs of abuse in this detainee population. Over one third (36.4%) of drug abusers were found to have ED as reported by prostate cancer nclex questions IIEF-5 score, with 10% reporting severe ED. Drug abusers were found to Prostate cancer nclex questions have significantly lower mean IIEF scores in each domain as compared to controls.
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| 15.09.2017 - KAYFUSHA |
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