Prostate cancer 1st stage

There are now well-established pathophysiologic and epidemiologic links between ED and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes (6,10). This prostate cancer 1st stage relationship was demonstrated in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) and subsequently corroborated in further large-scale epidemiologic studies (6-8,10,11). Pathophysiologically, endothelial dysfunction is considered to be the underlying mechanism common to CVD and ED (Figure 1) (12,13). It follows that ED has been associated with an increased risk of premature mortality (14). The recognition of this association has prompted recommendations by the Princeton Consensus Conference for the thorough evaluation and management of cardiovascular risk in all patients presenting with ED and no known CVD (15). An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name prostate cancer 1st stage is tau-05-02-187-f1.jpg Figure 1 Relationship of modifiable risk factors and erectile dysfunction. Importantly, sequelae of ED are known to extend beyond physical and sexual health. ED prostate cancer 1st stage is also known to cause detriment to QoL, psychosocial and emotional well-being for Prostate cancer 1st stage both the patient and his partner (5,16). In pretreatment screening of patients Prostate cancer 1st stage with ED and depressive symptoms on the Prostate cancer 1st stage Beck Depression Inventory-II, severity of ED was found to be predictive of depression (17). Controlled clinical trials have demonstrated improvement in psychological outcomes including confidence, sexual satisfaction and symptoms of depression following treatment with pharmacologic agents (18-21). Additionally, change in penile rigidity after treatment for ED prostate cancer 1st stage has been associated with improvement in sexual function and QoL in female partners (22).

Thus, Prostate cancer 1st prostate cancer 1st stage Prostate cancer 1st stage stage prevention and treatment of ED represents an important means to improve patient and partner wellness and overall men’s health.

Previous publications have recognized modifiable lifestyle Prostate cancer 1st stage factors such as obesity, physical activity, smoking, prostate cancer 1st stage diet and others as major contributors Prostate cancer 1st stage to the onset and evolution of both prostate cancer 1st stage CVD and ED (8,9,23). Guidelines Prostate cancer 1st stage developed during the 2009 International Consultation on Sexual Dysfunction included “lifestyle modification” as Prostate cancer 1st stage a foundational step in the treatment algorithm of ED (23,24). However, patient Prostate cancer 1st stage knowledge about modifiable risk Factors for ED, in particular smoking, control of CVD risk factors and sedentary lifestyle, is poor, and specific recommendations regarding implementation of lifestyle Prostate cancer 1st stage modification have not previously been outlined (25). Additionally, Prostate cancer 1st stage questions remain as to the quantitative effects lifestyle modification and supplemental therapies prostate cancer 1st stage can have on the natural history of ED. The aim of this review is to delineate lifestyle choices which may impose an increased risk of developing ED, present relevant studies addressing behavioral factors correlated with ED, as well as highlight prostate cancer 1st stage proposed mechanisms for intervention aimed at improving erectile function in men with ED. Go Prostate cancer 1st stage to: Smoking Smoking has been shown in several studies to be positively prostate cancer 1st stage associated with an increased risk of ED. Longitudinal epidemiologic studies have reported a relative risk of developing ED 1.5–2 times more in smokers in comparison to non-smokers (7,8,26,27). In the Boston Area Community Health survey, a cross-sectional study of 2,301 men, a dose-response relationship was demonstrated between smoking and ED (28). Significance Antigeno prostatico y prostatitis was achieved at 20-pack years cumulative exposure after adjusting for risk factors of age, CVD, and diabetes. Though not found to be significant, passive smoking exposure trended toward a significant risk of ED. While this study design prostate cancer 1st stage is subject to recall bias, it may provide important information when quantifying risk of ED due to smoking exposure. Positive dose-response association between quantity And duration of smoking with risk of ED was confirmed in a meta-analysis of observational epidemiologic studies (29). The investigators found an incremental increased risk of ED per 10 cigarettes smoked per day and 10 years of smoking, by 14% and 15%, Prostate cancer 1st stage respectively. An individualized inverse dose-response relationship was seen in male smokers undergoing polysomnographic Prostate cancer 1st stage assessment of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), where the highest consumers of cigarettes (>40 cigarettes per day) had the fewest minutes of nocturnal tumescence and detumesced fastest (30). At a molecular and cellular level in the animal model, cigarette smoking (CS) Prostate cancer 1st stage prostate cancer 1st stage prostate cancer 1st stage is linked to significantly higher markers of oxidative stress and cavernosal tissue apoptosis (31).





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