Of the 37 patients with prostate volume 35% of men over age 70 reporting difficulty in Prostate 9.3 obtaining or maintaining erections (7). Globally, ED prostate 9.3 is predicted to affect more than 300 million men worldwide by 2025 (prostate 9.3 2).
It is these staggering estimations that have made ED a broad public Health concern within a globally ageing population. There are now well-established pathophysiologic and prostate 9.3 epidemiologic links between ED and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes (6,10).
This relationship was demonstrated in the Massachusetts Male prostate 9.3 Aging Study (MMAS) and subsequently corroborated in further large-scale epidemiologic studies (6-8,10,11).
Pathophysiologically, endothelial dysfunction is considered to be the underlying mechanism common to CVD and ED (Figure 1) (12,13). It follows that ED has been associated with an increased risk of Prostate 9.3 premature mortality (14). The recognition of this association has prompted recommendations by the Princeton Consensus Conference for the thorough evaluation and management of cardiovascular risk in all patients presenting with ED Prostate 9.3 and no known CVD (15). An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is tau-05-02-187-f1.jpg Figure 1 Relationship of modifiable risk factors and erectile dysfunction. Importantly, sequelae of ED are known to extend beyond physical and sexual health. ED is also known to cause detriment to QoL, psychosocial and prostate 9.3 emotional well-being for both Prostate 9.3 the patient and his partner (5,16).
In pretreatment screening of patients with ED and depressive symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory-II, severity prostate 9.3 of ED was prostate 9.3 found to be predictive of depression (17).
Controlled clinical trials have demonstrated improvement in psychological outcomes including confidence, sexual Prostate 9.3 satisfaction and symptoms of prostate 9.3 depression following treatment with pharmacologic agents (18-21). Additionally, prostate 9.3 change in penile rigidity after treatment for prostate 9.3 ED has been associated with improvement in sexual Prostate 9.3 function and QoL in prostate 9.3 female partners (22). Thus, prevention and treatment of ED represents an important means to improve patient and partner wellness and overall men’s health.
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