It is these staggering estimations that have made ED a broad public health concern within Prostate 6.4 a globally ageing population. There are now well-established pathophysiologic and epidemiologic prostate 6.4 prostate 6.4 links between ED and risk prostate 6.4 factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes (6,10). This relationship was Prostate 6.4 demonstrated in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) and subsequently corroborated in further large-scale epidemiologic studies (prostate 6.4 Prostate 6.4 6-8,10,11). Pathophysiologically, endothelial dysfunction is considered to be Prostate 6.4 prostate 6.4 the underlying mechanism common to CVD Prostate 6.4 and ED (Figure 1) (12,13).
It follows that ED has been associated with an increased risk of premature mortality (14). The recognition of this association has prompted recommendations by the Princeton Consensus Conference for the thorough prostate 6.4 evaluation and management of cardiovascular risk in all patients presenting with ED and no known CVD (15).
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Object prostate 6.4 name is tau-05-02-187-f1.jpg Prostate 6.4 Prostate 6.4 Figure 1 Relationship of modifiable risk factors and erectile dysfunction. Importantly, sequelae of ED are known to extend beyond physical and sexual health. ED is also known prostate 6.4 to cause detriment to QoL, psychosocial and emotional well-being for both the patient and his partner (5,16). In pretreatment screening of patients with ED and depressive symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory-II, severity of ED was found to be predictive of depression (17). Controlled clinical trials have demonstrated improvement in psychological outcomes including confidence, sexual satisfaction and symptoms of depression following treatment with pharmacologic agents (18-21).
Additionally, change in penile rigidity after treatment Prostate 6.4 for ED has been associated with improvement in sexual function and QoL in female partners (22). Thus, prevention and treatment of ED represents an important means prostate 6.4 to improve patient and partner wellness and overall men’s health. Previous publications have recognized modifiable lifestyle factors such as obesity, physical activity, smoking, diet and others as major contributors to the onset and evolution of both CVD and ED (8,9,23). Guidelines developed during the 2009 International Consultation on Sexual Dysfunction included “prostate 6.4 lifestyle modification” as a foundational step in the treatment algorithm of ED (23,24). However, patient knowledge about modifiable risk factors for ED, in particular smoking, control of CVD risk factors and sedentary lifestyle, is poor, and Prostate 6.4 prostate 6.4 specific recommendations regarding implementation of lifestyle modification have not previously been outlined (25). Additionally, questions remain as to the quantitative effects Prostate 6.4 lifestyle modification and supplemental therapies can have on the natural history of ED.
The aim of prostate 6.4 this review is to delineate lifestyle choices which may impose an increased risk of developing prostate 6.4 ED, present relevant studies addressing behavioral factors correlated with ED, as well as highlight proposed mechanisms for intervention aimed at improving erectile function in men with ED. Go to: Smoking Smoking has been shown in several studies to be positively associated with an increased risk of ED.
Longitudinal epidemiologic studies have reported a relative risk of developing ED 1.5–2 times more in smokers in comparison to non-smokers (7,8,26,27). In the Boston Area Community Health survey, a cross-sectional study of 2,301 prostate 6.4 men, a dose-response relationship was demonstrated between smoking and ED (28).
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| 15.09.2017 - ayka012 |
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| 15.09.2017 - EFIR_BOY |
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| 15.09.2017 - Sexpotoloq |
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